Synthesis Methodologies for Robust and Reconfigurable Clock Networks

In today\u27s aggressively scaled technology nodes, billions of transistors are packaged into a single integrated circuit. Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tools are needed to automatically assemble the transistors into a functioning system. One of the most important design steps in the physical synthesis is the design of the clock network. The clock network delivers a synchronizing clock signal to each sequential element. The clock signal is required to be delivered meeting timing constraints under variations and in multiple operating modes. Synthesizing such clock networks is becoming increasingly difficult with the complex power management methodologies and severe manufacturing variations. Clock network synthesis is an important problem because it has a direct impact on the functional correctness, the maximum operating frequency, and the overall power consumption of each synchronous integrated circuit. In this dissertation, we proposed synthesis methodologies for robust and reconfigurable clock networks. We have made three contributions to this topic. First, we have proposed a clock network optimization framework that can achieve better timing quality than previous frameworks. Our proposed framework improves timing quality by reducing the propagation delay on critical paths in a clock network using buffer sizing and layer assignment. Second, we have proposed a clock tree synthesis methodology that integrates the clock tree synthesis with the clock tree optimization. The methodology improves timing quality by avoiding to synthesize clock trees with topologies that are sensitive to variations. Third, we have proposed a clock network that can reconfigure the topology based on the active mode of operation. Lastly, we conclude the dissertation with future research directions

Representable Matrices: Enabling High Accuracy Analog Computation for Inference of DNNs using Memristors

Analog computing based on memristor technology is a promising solution to accelerating the inference phase of deep neural networks (DNNs). A fundamental problem is to map an arbitrary matrix to a memristor crossbar array (MCA) while maximizing the resulting computational accuracy. The state-of-the-art mapping technique is based on a heuristic that only guarantees to produce the correct output for two input vectors. In this paper, a technique that aims to produce the correct output for every input vector is proposed, which involves specifying the memristor conductance values and a scaling factor realized by the peripheral circuitry. The key insight of the paper is that the conductance matrix realized by an MCA is only required to be proportional to the target matrix. The selection of the scaling factor between the two regulates the utilization of the programmable memristor conductance range and the representability of the target matrix. Consequently, the scaling factor is set to balance precision and value range errors. Moreover, a technique of converting conductance values into state variables and vice versa is proposed to handle memristors with non-ideal device characteristics. Compared with the state-of-the-art technique, the proposed mapping results in 4X-9X smaller errors. The improvements translate into that the classification accuracy of a seven-layer convolutional neural network (CNN) on CIFAR-10 is improved from 20.5% to 71.8%.Comment: 6 pages, ASPDAC'2

Ocv Guided Clock Tree Topology Reconstruction

The timing performance of clock trees in scaled technology nodes may be severely degraded by on-chip variations (OCV). Clock tree optimization (CTO) is employed to eliminate timing violations by specifying a set of non-negative delay adjustments using a linear programming (LP) formulation. Next, the delay adjustments are realized in the clock tree by inserting delay buffers and detour wires. The drawback is that given the topology of the initial clock tree, it may be impossible to remove all timing violations. In this paper, a framework that performs OCV guided clock tree topology reconstruction is proposed. The framework reconstructs the topology of a clock tree while improving the lower bounds on the worst negative slack (WNS) and the total negative slack (TNS). Next, traditional CTO is employed to reduce WNS and TNS to the improved lower bounds. The reconstruction of the clock tree topology is guided by a predicted leaf buffer slack graph (pLB-SG). The leaf buffers that must be placed closer in the tree topology are identified by detecting cycles (or strongly connected components) in the pLB-SG. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed framework can on the average reduce WNS and TNS with 84% and 80%, respectively

İzmir piyasasında satılan bazı peynir çeşitlerinin kalsiyum fosfor, sodyum ve potasyum düzeyleri üzerine bir değerlendirme

ABSTRACT: In white, tulum and kasar cheeses which have been collected from Izmir market, the average amounts of calcium were found respectively 747,96 mg/100g, 747.43 mg/100g, 888.42 mg/100g and phosphorus; 448.9 mg/100g, 413.10 mg/100g, 580.89 mg/100g and sodium; 1212.32 mg/1 OOg, 810.13 mg/1 OOg, 557.10 mg/1 OOg and potassium; 181.48 mg/1 OOg, 129.81 mg/1 OOg, 129.63 mg/1 OOg. According to study, by consuming 100 grams of these cheeses, calcium and phosphorus needs of a healthy adult can be met and amounts of sodium and potassium can not create a risk.ÖZET: İzmir piyasasından toplanmış beyaz (31/108), tulum (58/108) ve kaşar (19/108) peyniri örneğinde sırasıyla ortalama kalsiyum miktarı 747.96, 747.43, 888.42 mg/100g, fosfor; 448.09, 413.10, 580.89 mg/100 g, Sodyum; 1212.32, 810.13, 557.10 mg/100g, potasyum; 181.48, 129.81,129.63 mg/1 OOg olarak bulunmuştur. Bu peynirlerin 100 g. nın tüketilmesi ile yetişkin ve sağlıklı bir insanın kalsiyum ve fosfor ihtiyacını Karşılayabileceği, sodyum ve potasyum miktarlarının da bir tehlike oluşturmayacağı kanısına varılmıştır

The structural behaviour of composite beams with prefabricated reinforced concrete plate in positive moment zone

In this study, it was investigated that the bearing behaviour of reinforced concrete beams and steel elements in the positive moment zone. The bearing behaviour and the bearing capacities of the reinforced concrete beams with steel elements agglutinated by the epoxy resin. Moreover, certain model researches are done theoretically to determine the distribution of the sliding and the normal strain throughout the coherence surface of the beams which are composed of the reinforced concrete plate and the steel elements agglutinated with the epoxy resin and equation are suggested for these kind of composite due to the results. Test results indicated that the bonding strength between steel and steel is 470% longer than that of concrete to steel. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Düşük kalorili torba yoğurdu üretiminde simplesse 100 kullanımı üzerine bir araştırma

In this study, the effects of using Simplesse;reg; 100 with two different ratio (as 0,5;1,0%) which are protein based fat replacera on the quality of various type strained yoghurt. Some chemical compositions of stained yoghurt simples were determined on the 1st, 7th, 14th and 21st days of storage and sensory properties were evaluatred. According to the results of statistical analysis, using the different ratio of fat replacer in producing strained yoghurt affected total solids, ash, acidities values and sensorial properties whereas lactose, tyroslne, acid value were not influenced.Araştırmada protein bazı yağ ikame maddesi Simplesse 1004ün farklı oranlarda yarım yağlı ve yağsız torba yoğurdu üretiminde kullanımının yoğurt kalitesine etkileri incelenmiştir. Üretilen torba yoğurtlarının depolamanın 1., 7., 14. ve 21. günlerinde kimi kimyasal ve duyusal özellikleri değerlendirilmiştir. Yapılan istatistik değerlendirme sonucana göre kullanılan farklı oranlardaki yağ ikame maddesinin üretilen torba yoğurtlarının kurumadde, kül, yağ, asillik ve duyusal özellikleri üzerine etkslnln önemli olduğunu buna karşın laktoz tirozin ve asit değeri üzerine etkili olmadığı belirlenmiştir